Bên cạnh Hướng dẫn đề thi IELTS 21/11/2020 bài WRITING TASK 2 về Relocating Business to Regional Areas (kèm bài sửa của học sinh đi thi), IELTS TUTOR hôm nay hướng dẫn CÁCH LÀM & BÀI TẬP DẠNG SENTENCE COMPLETION IELTS LISTENING

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00:01
Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40. Good morning everyone. In today's psychology lecture, I'll be talking about human memory. And what I want to do first is establish the historical context. So I'll outline various ideas about human memory and how they've changed over time. So first, early cultures. Now, in the earliest times, let's say before 3000 years BC,

00:31
People were dependent on being able to remember things, perhaps even more than we are today. That's because humans could not write, the skill hadn't been developed. So a good memory was important. For one thing, it helped people navigate in the area around their homes, and it was the only way to access family history and ancestry. What's more, a good memory might be the difference between life and death. Most people were hunters and gatherers.

00:59
so it was essential to understand which foods were poisonous and which were not. This was particularly true of plants because they sometimes looked very similar. And the only way to store this information and pass it on to the next generation was to remember it. Unfortunately, because it was so long ago, there's limited information about what techniques we use to assist memory. Okay, so moving on now to the ancient Greeks. And the Greek poet named Simonides

01:28
who lived around 500 BC, was the man sometimes described as the father of memory training. Simonides' most important idea was that it's much easier to remember information if we connect it with one particular place. Then, over hundreds of years, other Greek scholars developed his ideas about memory, and a lot of this information has survived. So, we know that, by the first century,

01:55
The Greeks believed that people could use their human senses to improve their memory, and this was particularly true when it came to sight. There was a strong connection there, they believed. Well, next I should talk about the ancient Romans, who, like the Greeks, believed memory training was extremely important. They used memory in many different ways, obviously, but most of all, in ancient Rome, people thought that one of the greatest skills was the ability to give an impressive speech in public.

02:24
and memory was one of the keys to doing that. So this was why, from about 100 BC, the Romans wanted to develop techniques to improve memory. And an important figure here was Cicero, a Roman political leader. One of Cicero's ideas was that humans actually have two types of memory. There's a memory that can be developed, which he called the artificial memory, and there's another type of memory which he called natural.

02:53
And the point is that you can learn techniques to help improve your artificial memory, an idea that's interested some academics ever since.

03:07
So, moving next to later European history. And the first thing to note is that, during the Middle Ages, a group of academics called the scholastics were also interested in memory techniques. The scholastics used these techniques when they were instructing pupils about religion, and this raised the profile of memory techniques. But later, attitudes towards memory began to change, and this started in the 17th century.

03:35
People began to see memory training as an art form, and that didn't interest them so much anymore because they thought that science had the answers to most human questions. This attitude really continued into the 19th century as well. Children weren't taught memory techniques, but were expected to learn lots of facts, and to do this by constantly repeating things like dates and so on. Okay, so then we come to modern times.

04:01
and in the 1940s a remarkable series of studies was conducted with a man known simply as S. Psychologists found that S never made notes about anything, although he was a journalist and never forgot facts. The researchers concluded that S had an unusual medical condition, which meant he developed incredible memory skills. This was important as it seemed to support the ideas of the ancient Greeks and other much earlier scholars.

04:31
But in the later part of the 20th century, the focus switched to computers. Okay, well, that's the historical context. Let's now turn...

00:04
Part 4 You will hear part of a biology lecture about dolphins and how views divide over their level of intelligence. First, you have some time to look at questions 31-40.

01:10
Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.

01:18
In today's lecture, we'll dive into the topic of dolphin intelligence, discussing dolphin behavior and their physical structure in an attempt to shed light on the question, how intelligent are dolphins? Well, concerning body size, dolphin brains are among the largest in the animal kingdom, more extensive than chimpanzees, and certain species like bottlenose dolphins,

01:47
have brains even bigger than humans. However, some current tests suggest that they do not possess the same cognitive abilities as humans, despite having a similar brain size. For instance, dolphins are often trapped in gill nets originally intended for tuna fishing. These entanglement cases have led to unnecessary injury or deaths of dolphins, gradually depleting their numbers. Clearly,

02:17
Dolphins don't realise that they could just jump over these vertical barriers and swim to safety. People often mistakenly view dolphins' eternal smile as signs of intelligence and joy. Actually, this is not a facial expression at all, but a fixed design of their head. Unlike human beings with greater than 40 facial muscles, dolphins have no such powers with which to form an expression.

02:47
On the other hand, small brained animals are sometimes underrated for their level of intelligence. Pigeons and rats are typical examples of small brain animals which can perform tasks so complex that most humans would have trouble with them. Over the last few decades, scientists have conducted countless studies on the cognitive abilities of these overlooked animals with quite surprising results.

03:16
Pigeons are aware of their bodies when they see their reflections in the mirror. Pigeons are also trained under specific conditions and gradually form instinctive reactions. In an experiment in 2009, a group of 12 pigeons was given a reward, like food and water, every time they pecked a key on a lab table. All birds successfully performed the trick. These test results indicate that brain size

03:46
is probably not the sole factor in determining intelligence. Another argument steers the attention to the correlation between intelligence and the constituents of brains rather than their sheer sizes. It's been found that dolphin brains are comprised chiefly of fatty cells which serve as a protective barrier between the systemic blood and the extracellular environment of the central nervous system.

04:15
They are also essential components of nerve cell membranes affecting problem-solving skills performance.

04:27
Now, the second mainstream view is that dolphins are highly intelligent. Research into the behaviour of dolphins in the wild and in captivity has yielded incredible data on the intelligence of these marine mammals. Studies show that dolphins not only have the ability to learn as individuals, but those individuals can then pass their new knowledge on to others.

04:54
Let's take a look at some typical examples. Among these are tested with Billy, a dolphin trapped in a sea lock and rescued. Billy spent three weeks in rehabilitation and was released back into the wild. There, researchers noticed that Billy had started tailwalking, a skill only mastered by captive dolphins who imitated the keepers. Billy had not been trained to tailwalk.

05:23
but had learned the skill simply by observing other dolphins in the rehab centre. study involves a female dolphin named Karen. Karen was given a test in which she was rewarded with a fish for every piece of litter she brought to researchers. To maximise its bounty, she quickly learned to take a newspaper, keep it at the bottom of a tank and tear off smaller pieces to get more fish.

05:54
Over the past hundred years, researchers have proven that dolphins are extremely social species and have evolved to have highly developed brains. These factors are the most significant contributors to their intelligence and become the means of survival for dolphins. In 2008, researchers tracked a group of around 400 dolphins, one female dolphin in the group

06:22
was having a lot of trouble swimming and kept flipping upside down or sinking into the water. The other dolphins crowded around it. They paddled side by side with the injured female on their backs. By keeping the wounded female above water, they may have helped it to breathe, avoiding drowning. So how do they communicate with each other? Well, scientists have discovered

06:50
Through observation and meticulous testing, that every dolphin has a different sound, resembling the whistle that other dolphins recognise as a particular individual. Dolphins can emit a wide variety of sounds. The frequency levels range 10 times beyond what humans can hear. But of course, there are other means of communication for dolphins besides sound. During mating season, male dolphins

07:20
stroke females with flippers, after a fight to affirm social bonds.

07:27
That is the end of part four. You now have one minute to check your answers to part four.

00:00
Autonomous Underwater Vehicle, or AUV. It actually resembles a miniature aeroplane that moves deep in the ocean. It's not large enough to have a human crew aboard, and so its behavior is really that of a robot. The AUV is programmed to calculate and record a range of data depending on the mission it is carrying out at any one time. On previous missions, it has been programmed to record water pressure,

00:29
as well as how much salt there is in the water. On a more recent mission around Bermuda, an AUV was equipped with a special instrument that showed the temperature of the ocean at different depths. It can also assess the quality of the water in general. So, as you see, it is quite a versatile and useful little piece of equipment. We use its measurements to determine and increase our understanding of ocean behaviors

00:56
as well as its role in and influence on our climate. This instrument also has many other benefits. It can be launched and used relatively quickly. Also, there's no need for cables to physically link it to a boat. There are disadvantages though. AUVs move at only modest speeds, up to 25 centimeters per second. In addition, the AUV structure cannot collect water samples.

01:24
So other equipment must be used to conduct a chemical analysis of the water. Now I'm sure you're all wondering how the AUV actually works. First, let's see how an AUV actually moves. L, it moves by pumping oil between two bladders. This helps the AUV to sink or float. The AUV records the data and measurements that it has been programmed to take while it rises to the surface.

01:53
At the beginning and end of each dive, it obtains records and transmits its position by exposing an antenna embedded within the tip of the right wing. Okay, so that's the AUV. I want to begin today's lecture by introducing the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle, or AUV. It actually resembles a miniature aeroplane that moves deep in the ocean. It's not large enough to have a human crew aboard

02:20
And so its behavior is really that of a robot. The AUV is programmed to calculate and record a range of data depending on the mission it is carrying out at any one time. On previous missions, it has been programmed to record water pressure as well as how much salt there is in the water. On a more recent mission around Bermuda, an AUV was equipped with a special instrument that showed the temperature of the ocean at different depths.

02:49
It can also assess the quality of the water in general. So, as you see, it is quite a versatile and useful little piece of equipment. We use its measurements to determine and increase our understanding of ocean behaviors as well as its role in and influence on our climate. This instrument also has many other benefits. It can be launched and used relatively quickly. Also, there's no need for cables to physically link it to a boat.

03:20
There are disadvantages though. AUVs move at only modest speeds, up to 25 centimeters per second. In addition, the AUV structure cannot collect water samples, so other equipment must be used to conduct a chemical analysis of the water. Now I'm sure you're all wondering how the AUV actually works. First, let's see how an AUV actually moves. L...

03:47
It moves by pumping oil between two bladders. This helps the AUV to sink or float. The AUV records the data and measurements that it has been programmed to take while it rises to the surface. At the beginning and end of each dive, it obtains records and transmits its position by exposing an antenna embedded within the tip of the right wing.

00:00
Today I'm going to talk about the history and technological development of coal mining on Cape Breton Island, located off the east coast of Canada in Nova Scotia. This area played a critical role in Canada's energy production for over two centuries. Let's begin with the early days. Coal mining in Cape Breton dates back to the 1720s during the French colonial period.

00:28
These first operations were extremely basic. The miners didn't use machines. They relied on manual labour to gather the coal. In fact, the earliest coal was moved by hand from the base of the cliffs along the island's coast. It was a harsh and dangerous task, as workers had to navigate slippery rocks while carrying heavy loads of coal in baskets. Now, as demand for coal increased,

00:54
it became clear that new systems had to be developed to handle the growing volume. The ability to transport coal efficiently became one of the biggest challenges facing the industry. For production to grow, Cape Breton needed a well-organised transport network. Initially, they used horse-drawn carts, but as output rose, they introduced railway lines that could carry larger quantities to the port for shipping. This increase in industrial activity

01:24
also brought about changes in the workforce. Every year, particularly in spring, new groups of labourers would arrive to take advantage of seasonal jobs. Spring was an ideal time, not just because of the weather, but because mining operations expanded significantly during the warmer months. By summer, mines would be fully staffed with both local residents and new arrivals from other parts of Canada and abroad. Naturally,

01:53
This shift in employment patterns had consequences for local demographics. Many people who had lived in remote or agricultural areas began to relocate. Villages near the mines grew, while the population in more rural regions started to decline. Families often moved together, and mining towns quickly expanded, sometimes without adequate planning or infrastructure. By the early 20th century,

02:21
Cape Breton had become a major player in the national coal industry. At its peak, the island was supplying around 40 % of all coal used in Canada. This boom not only supported the domestic energy supply, but also provided fuel for export to other countries. Let's talk about the workers themselves. Around the year 1800, the local workforce could no longer meet the demand. To fill the gap, labourers were recruited from abroad.

02:52
Most of the early migrants came from Scotland, particularly from mining towns in the central and western regions. These skilled Scottish miners brought valuable knowledge and traditions with them, shaping the way mining was carried out in Canada. Italian workers also played a key role, especially in the construction of railways and tunnels. Now, let's look at the technology used in underground mining, specifically how the tunnels were lit

03:20
before electricity became widespread. The earliest source of light was a grease torch. This simple tool burned animal fat to produce a flickering flame. It was cheap and easy to make, but produced a lot of smoke and posed a serious fire risk. A slightly improved version was to mount a candle in a metal or clay holder. These holders were usually attached to the timber supports inside the tunnels.

03:48
While candles were more manageable than grease torches, they still had open flames and were far from safe in gas-prone environments. The invention of the Davy lamp marked a huge step forward in mine safety. This device had a flame enclosed in mesh and featured a fitted link sealed by a lock. The design controlled the airflow and prevented the flame from igniting any methane gas in the air. Because of this innovation, the number of accidents

04:16
such as explosions or fires, dropped significantly across many mining sites. Later, carbide lamps were introduced. These worked by combining calcium carbide with water, which created acetylene gas. When lit, it gave off a steady yellow-white flame that was much brighter than previous sources. These lamps were widely used until electric lighting eventually replaced them in the 20th century.

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